COMPLICATION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

Urinary tract infections is a infections of any part of the urinary system. These including kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

 Burning sensation in urination.
 Urgent to urinate.
 Pain at pubic bone and lower back pain.
 Rarely pus discharge urine or bloody in urine.

 COMPLICATION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.

 Urethral narrowing (Urethral strictures) in men from recurrent urethritis.

 Permanent kidney damage from acute form or Chronic kidney infections (Pyeneophritis).
 Sepsis.
 In pregnant can lead to lower birth weight,septic abortion ,delivery at preterm.

SUSPECTED CAUSES OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY

Multiple pregnancies are common worldwide.
 Multiple pregnancies especially twins, Occur mostly in Africa and Asians than Caucasians and least in mongolian race.

 CAUSES OF MULTIPLE PREGNANCY

 Mostly causes of Multiple pregnancy is not known.

Some suspected causes are:-

Family tendency,

Multiple pregnancy is more common in women with familial history Of multiple pregnancy.

Age of women. More common in old pregnant women.

 High parity. More common in high parous women.

 Injudicious use of fertility drugs ,Such as clomiphene, during the treatment of infertility. 

Possible complications of multiple pregnancy


Increase severity of minor ailment of pregnancy.

Anaemia is common due increase demand of nutrients Like Iron and Folic acid.

Polyhydramnios.
Preterm labour.
Spontaneous abortion.
Antepartum bleeding, placenta praevia is common due to bigger placenta areas compared to Singleton pregnancies.
Congenital malformation are more commonly than singleton pregnancies. °Fusion of the babies (Siamese twins).

THE BEST SLEEPING POSITION DURING PREGNANT

The best position during pregnant is Sleeping on side.Even better is to sleep on your left side. Doctors encourage sleeping on left side during pregnant because:- Sleeping on left side will increase the amount of blood and nutrients that reach the placenta and your baby. This will be beneficial for both mom and baby. POSITIONS THOSE SHOULD BE AVOIDED DURING PREGNANT. sleeping on your back this will increase problems like backache, breathing, digestive system and decrease blood circulation to your heart and baby. Sleeping on your stomach because abdomen undergoes physical changes and make it more difficult for you to lay on your stomach.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF MILK TO CORROSIVE POISON.

Corrosive is the substance that fixes, destroy and causes erosion of the surface coming in it's contact. Including strong acid and base. Note: not all poisons milk can be helpful for example snake bite milk is not helpful because the venoum goes direct to the blood circulation. Milk is best first aid is to dilute the poison as quickly as possible. For acid or alkaline (bases) give the victim water or preferable milk or ice cream one cup under 5 years or 1 to 2 glasses for patient over 5 years. Milk and ice cream is better than water because it dilute and help neutralize the poison. Its very important to the victim get to hospital without delay. Mechanism of action by drinking milk is not only dilute the poison engested with that person but also overwhelm the lactose enzymes,allowing the stomach's hydrochloric acid to curdle the milk which coats the stomach and intestine, slowing down the rate which the intestine or stomach to absorb the poison. Dilution of poison occur because milk is alkalinicity hence when person engest Acid corrosive subastance when the victim drink milk forms water and salt that is not harmful to our body. We not induce the vomiting in corrosive engestion because acid will erode the esophagus hence substance swallowed could be harmful to the lung and esophagus lead to severity, dehydration which actually be worse for the body than the poison you ingested. Generraly Milk just pauses the digestion until you can seek proper medical care conservatively.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF VITAMIN B12 DEFIENCY .

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is important for normal formation of red blood cells and health of the nerves tissue. Defiency of B12 can lead anemia (pernicious anaemia). The sources of vitamin B12 is animal sources for example Eggs, Meat,Fish, poultry sources and plant sources. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:- Nerves problem like numbness, tingling, Muscles weakness and walking problems. Conspitation, diarrhea loss of appetite. Weakness, tiredness. Heart palpitations and shortness of breath. Pale skin. Smooth tongue. Mental problems like depression and memory loss. Prevention of vitamin B12 defiency is to eat balanced food contained vitamin B12 contents these mentioned above or vitamin B12 supplements.

SHORT STATURE AND PRIDICTION OF MID PARENTAL HEIGHT.

Short stature is adult height that is more than two standard deviations below the mean of age and gender which corresponding to the shortest 2.3% of individuals. In developed countries men who shorter than 166cm tall and women shorter than 153cm. Causes :- Kyphosis of the spine bending forward. Collapsed vertebrae osteoporosis. Abnormal conditions such as hormones defiency, malnutrition, use of drugs such steroid drugs, chromosomal deletions. Human growth hormone,such as Turner syndrome, skeletal dyspepsia and idiopathic ( unknown causes) Chronic illness such as malnutrition, endocrine , metabolic disorder. Calculation of mid parental height:- Boy : inches =(Father's height+ Mother's height+ 5 inches)/2. In cm = (Father's height + Mother's height + 13cm)/2. Girl in inches =( Father's height -5 inches +Mother's height)/2. In cm= (Father's height -13 + Mother's height)/2. NB: The approximate variation is 8.5cm +/- in both Girl and Boy.

CAUSES OF OBESITY AND IT'S COMPLICTION TO OUR HEALTHY

           

Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of excess body fat.Body mass index is greater or equal to 30kg/m2 in adult.

 Causes of obesity :-

 Sendentary lifestyle (less an exercise).

 Lack of information on healthy eating habits.

 Ill health and disability, because of energy uses is reduced during physical incapability . 

Physical factor people tend to eat a lot when they are lonely, worried or depressed because stress tend to acceralate catablolism activity.

 Endocrine disorders hypothalamus exert some control over appetite. Genetic makeup. 

COMPLICATION OF OBESITY

 Pulmonary disease.
 Type 2 diabetes,enlarge fat cells which poorly bind insulin and also poorly respond to the message insulin send to the cell.
 Hypertension/stroke,this is because of increase miles of blood vessels found in the adipose tissue lead to increase blood volume, increase resistance to blood flow.
 Heart disease, increase in LDL and triglyceride value,low HDL, decrease physical activity. Gallstone increase cholesterol content of bile.
 Bone and joint disorders ,excessive pressure put on knee,ankle and hip joint.
 Pregnancy risks ,more difficult to delivery , increase number of birth defects.
 preventive and Control measures Healthy lifestyles , non use of tobacco,heathy eating, minimal consumption of alcohol these are key components of healthy lifestyle.
 Non consumption of alcohol maintain good absorption of food in the body.
 Regular exercise, keep physically active aim to do an exercise at least 30 minutes in aerobic place. Minimal use of sweetened drinks and junk foods.